Книга за Debian GNU/Linux

Nikola Antonov 2004-10-31

hello
hello-debhelper
dh-make
devscripts
deb
Release.gpg
acl
debootstrap
utils/
debuild.sh
debian-history
doc-debian
dfsbuild
read-only
root
  filesystem
.debs
debian-knoppix
boot:
root
knoppix
knoppix
$ sudo su

root
/etc/sudoers
# passwd root

KNOPPIX/README_Security.txt
/etc/apt/
/etc/dpkg/
/usr/share/doc/<packagename>/
knx-hdinstall
knoppix-installer
boot-floppies
debootstrap
jigdo
jigdo-file
bootcd
debian-cd
discover
kudzu
cloop-src
cloop-utils
/etc/apt/sources.list
utils/home/
knx-hdinstall
rsync -avz cdimage.debian.org::debian-cd/
rsync -avz us.cdimage.debian.org::jigdo-area/
rsync -avz non-us.cdimage.debian.org::debian-jigdo/

# rsync -avz mirrors.kernel.org::debian-cd/

drwxrwxr-x        4096 2003/12/02 16:49:56 jigdo-area
drwxr-xr-x        4096 2003/01/15 09:47:59 jigdo-area/3.0_r0
...
drwxr-xr-x        4096 2003/12/02 16:49:56 jigdo-area/3.0_r2
drwxr-xr-x        4096 2003/12/04 12:20:13 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo
drwxr-xr-x        4096 2003/12/02 16:51:22 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa
-rw-r--r--        454 2003/11/27 02:23:38 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/MD5SUMS
-rw-r--r--        32791 2003/11/27 02:14:19 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1.jigdo
-rw-r--r--        14515668 2003/11/27 02:15:17 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1.template
-rw-r--r--        39198 2003/11/27 02:15:38 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1_NONUS.jigdo
-rw-r--r--        14640001 2003/11/27 02:15:41 jigdo-area/3.0_r2/jigdo/hppa/woody-hppa-1_NONUS.template
...
...
drwxr-xr-x        4096 2003/03/24 07:43:53 jigdo
drwxr-xr-x        4096 2003/03/24 05:21:57 jigdo/ia64
-rw-r--r--        607846400 2003/03/24 05:08:06 jigdo/ia64/debian-30r1-ia64-binary-1.iso
...
lrwxrwxrwx        11 2003/03/24 05:20:29 alpha -> jigdo/alpha
lrwxrwxrwx        9 2003/03/24 05:20:32 arm -> jigdo/arm
lrwxrwxrwx        10 2003/03/24 05:20:37 hppa -> jigdo/hppa
lrwxrwxrwx        10 2003/03/21 07:14:47 i386 -> jigdo/i386
lrwxrwxrwx        10 2003/03/24 05:20:45 ia64 -> jigdo/ia64
lrwxrwxrwx        10 2003/03/24 05:54:13 m68k -> jigdo/m68k
lrwxrwxrwx        10 2003/03/24 05:54:16 mips -> jigdo/mips
lrwxrwxrwx        12 2003/03/24 08:29:08 mipsel -> jigdo/mipsel
lrwxrwxrwx        13 2003/03/24 08:29:13 powerpc -> jigdo/powerpc
lrwxrwxrwx        10 2003/03/24 08:29:19 s390 -> jigdo/s390
lrwxrwxrwx        12 2003/03/24 08:29:23 source -> jigdo/source
lrwxrwxrwx        11 2003/03/24 08:29:27 sparc -> jigdo/sparc

ISO image
.jigdo
.template
 # jigdo-lite ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/CDROM-Images/debian-unofficial/sid/jigdo/sid-i386-1.jigdo

.jigdo
jigdo-lite
 # jigdo-lite sid-i386-1.jigdo

 If you already have a previous version of the CD you are
 downloading, jigdo can re-use files on the old CD that are also
 present in the new image, and you do not need to download them
 again. Mount the old CD ROM and enter the path it is mounted under
 (e.g. `/mnt/cdrom').
 Alternatively, just press enter if you want to start downloading
 the remaining files.
 Files to scan:

 # mount -o loop /path/to/file.iso /mnt/loop1

.template
 If you already have a previous version of the CD you are
 downloading, jigdo can re-use files on the old CD that are also
 present in the new image, and you do not need to download them
 again. Mount the old CD ROM and enter the path it is mounted under
 (e.g. `/mnt/cdrom').
 Alternatively, just press enter if you want to start downloading
 the remaining files.

 You can also enter a single digit from the list below to
 select the respective entry for scanning:
   1: /mnt/loop1
   2: /mnt/loop2
 Files to scan:

Enter
 Debian mirror: ftp.bg.debian.org/debian/
 Debian non-US mirror: ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US/

 # rsync rsync://server.org/path/binary-i386-1.iso binary-i386-1.iso

ISO image
.jigdo
.template
.jigdo
.template
utils/desync.sh
cd debian-cd-unofficial/sarge/jigdo/
jigdo-lite sarge-alpha-1.jigdo

.template
.jigdo
Not downloading .template file - `sarge-alpha-1.template' already present

debian/
debian-non-US/
alpha
jigdo-lite
-----------------------------------------------------------------
4 files not found in previous pass, trying
alternative download locations:

--14:39:42--  ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/debian-superseded/aOK458Q62Cmdpj2HW1ObrQ
           => `debian-20031230-i386-binary-2.iso.tmpdir/ftp.fsn.hu/pub/debian-superseded/aOK458Q62Cmdpj2HW1ObrQ

debian
debian-non-US
jigdo-lite
rsync
ISO image
gibraltar-bootsupport
/etc
/var
/usr/local/bin/knx-hdinstall
# shutdown -r now

# shutdown -h now

$ man команда

boot-floppies
debian-installer
kudzu
discover
pgi
discover
autoinstall
autoinstall-i386
fai
systeminstaller
systemimager-common
systemconfigurator
replicator
rsync
replicator
LILO
LILO
LILO
grub
LILO
/vmlinuz
/sbin/init
$ man 8 init

$ man init

/sbin/init
/etc/init
/bin/init
/bin/sh
"No init found. Try
passing init= option to kernel."
LILO
LILO: Linux init=/bin/bash

/sbin/init
/bin/bash
/proc
mount /proc

/sbin/init
init
/etc/inittab
/etc/inittab
# Runlevel 0 is halt. (спиране на системата)
# Runlevel 1 is single-user. (еднопотребителски режим)
# Runlevels 2-5 are multi-user. (многопотребителски режим)
# Runlevel 6 is reboot. (рестартиране на системата)

/etc/inittab
id:ниво:initdefault:

/etc/rc2.d/
/etc/init.d/
/etc/init.d/
/etc/rcниво.d/
/etc/rc2.d/
/usr/src/linux/init/main.c
Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1

shodan login:

Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1

shodan login:manchev
Password:

manchev@shodan:~$

manchev@shodan:~$logout

Debian GNU/Linux testing/unstable shodan tty1

shodan login:

SIGTERM
manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -h

manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -r

manchev@shodan:~$shutdown now -r
bash: shutdown: command not found

/sbin
shutdown: you must be root to do that!

superuser
/bin:/usr/bin
/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
superuser
manchev@shodan:~$su -
Password:

root
shodan:~#

root
shodan:~#shutdown now -h

Broadcast message from root (tty1) 

The system is going down for system halt NOW!
INIT: Switching to runlevel: 0
INIT: Sending processes the TERM signal
INIT: Sending processes the KILL signal
Stopping periodic command scheduler: cron.
Stopping initernet superserver: inetd.
Stopping OpenBSD Secure Shell server: sshd.
Saving the System Clock time to the Hardware Clock...
Hardware Clock updated to Tue Aug 19 13:23:37 EEST 2003.
Stopping deferred execution scheduler: atd.
Stopping kernel log daemon: klogd.
Stopping system log daemon: syslogd.
Sending all processes the TERM signal... done.
Sending all processes the KILL signal... done.
Saving random seed... done.
Unmounting remote filesystems... done.
Deconfiguring network interfaces.... done.
Deactivating swap... done.
Unmounting local filesystems... mount: proc already mounted
done.
flushing ide devices: hda hdc
Power down.

manchev@shodan:~$su -c "shutdown now -h"
Password:

shutdown -h
shutdown -r
shutdown -h
sysvinit
manchev@shodan:~$ls
manchev@shodan:~$

manchev@shodan:~$ls /
bin   cdrom  etc     home    lib         mnt  proc  root-n  tmp  var
boot  dev    floppy  initrd  lost+found  opt  root  sbin    usr

/home
manchev@shodan:~$ls /home
manchev
manchev@shodan:~$

root
root
home
root
ls /
home
mail
manchev@shodan:~$ls -F /
bin/   cdrom/  etc/     home/    lib/        mnt/  proc/  root-n*  tmp/  var/
boot/  dev/    floppy/  initrd/  lost+found  opt/  root/  sbin/  usr/

manchev@shodan:~$ls -l /

total 100
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 17 18:19 bin
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 19 08:53 boot
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 17 17:37 cdrom
drwxr-xr-x    9 root     root        24576 Aug 19 18:25 dev
drwxr-xr-x   49 root     root         4096 Aug 19 19:38 etc
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 17 17:37 floppy
drwxrwsr-x    3 root     staff        4096 Aug 19 19:38 home
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 17 17:37 initrd
drwxr-xr-x    5 root     root         4096 Aug 17 22:14 lib
drwx------    2 root     root        16384 Aug 17 16:32 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Feb  8  2002 mnt
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 17 17:37 opt
dr-xr-xr-x   34 root     root            0 Aug 19 18:25 proc
drwxr-xr-x    9 root     root         4096 Aug 19 20:12 root
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root            0 Aug 18 19:18 root-n
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4096 Aug 17 18:19 sbin
drwxrwxrwt    5 root     root         4096 Aug 19 20:11 tmp
drwxr-xr-x   12 root     root         4096 Aug 18 00:07 usr
drwxr-xr-x   13 root     root         4096 Aug 17 17:37 var

manchev@shodan:~$ls -l -h

total 100K
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4.0K Aug 17 18:19 bin
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4.0K Aug 19 08:53 boot
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4.0K Aug 17 17:37 cdrom
drwxr-xr-x    9 root     root          24K Aug 19 18:25 dev
drwxr-xr-x   49 root     root         4.0K Aug 19 19:38 etc
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4.0K Aug 17 17:37 floppy
drwxrwsr-x    3 root     staff        4.0K Aug 19 19:38 home
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4.0K Aug 17 17:37 initrd
drwxr-xr-x    5 root     root         4.0K Aug 17 22:14 lib
drwx------    2 root     root          16K Aug 17 16:32 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4.0K Feb  8  2002 mnt
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4.0K Aug 17 17:37 opt
dr-xr-xr-x   34 root     root            0 Aug 19 18:25 proc
drwxr-xr-x    9 root     root         4.0K Aug 19 20:12 root
-rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root            0 Aug 18 19:18 root-n
drwxr-xr-x    2 root     root         4.0K Aug 17 18:19 sbin
drwxrwxrwt    5 root     root         4.0K Aug 19 20:11 tmp
drwxr-xr-x   12 root     root         4.0K Aug 18 00:07 usr
drwxr-xr-x   13 root     root         4.0K Aug 17 17:37 var

manchev@shodan:~$man cat

Reformatting cat(1), please wait...
CAT(1)                           User Commands                          CAT(1)

NAME
       cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output

SYNOPSIS
       cat [OPTION] [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.

       -A, --show-all
              equivalent to -vET

       -b, --number-nonblank
              number nonblank output lines

       -e     equivalent to -vE

       -E, --show-ends
              display $ at end of each line

       -n, --number
--More--

man
man [име_на_раздел] какво_търсим

manchev@shodan:~$ man 1 cat

shell
manchev@shodan:~$ man 2 cat
No manual entry for cat in section 2
See "man 7 undocumented" for help when manual pages are not available.

clear
curses
man clear
clear
man cat
NAME
clear
whatis
manchev@shodan:~$whatis clear
clear (1)         - clear the terminal window
clear (3ncurses)  - clear all or part of a curses window

manchev@shodan:~$man 3 clear

manchev@shodan:~$apropos mp3
cdda2mp3 (1)        - extract audio CD audio tracks and encode them

manchev@shodan:~$man cdda2mp3

manchev@shodan:~$apropos player
xmms (1)            - an audio player for X.
xlsfonts (1x)       - server font list displayer for X
xprop (1x)          - property displayer for X
xwud (1x)           - image displayer for X

manchev@shodan:~$apropos -e player
xmms (1)            - an audio player for X.

info
info
$ info info

xmms
apropos -e player
player: nothing appropriate

apt-cache search player
manchev@shodan:~$  info info

File: info,  Node: Top,  Next: Getting Started,  Up: (dir)

Info: An Introduction
*********************

   Info is a program, which you are using now, for reading
documentation of computer programs.  The GNU Project distributes most
of its on-line manuals in the Info format, so you need a program called
"Info reader" to read the manuals.  One of such programs you are using
now.

   If you are new to Info and want to learn how to use it, type the
command `h' now.  It brings you to a programmed instruction sequence.

   To learn advanced Info commands, type `n' twice.  This brings you to
`Info for Experts', skipping over the `Getting Started' chapter.

* Menu:

* Getting Started::             Getting started using an Info reader.
* Advanced Info::               Advanced commands within Info.
* Creating an Info File::       How to make your own Info file.
--zz-Info: (info.gz)Top, 24 lines --Top----*** Tags out of Date ***-------------
Welcome to Info version 4.6. Type ? for help, m for menu item.

* Menu:

* Getting Started::             Getting started using an Info reader.
* Advanced Info::               Advanced commands within Info.
* Creating an Info File::       How to make your own Info file.

Menu item:

info info
manchev@shodan:~$ pwd
/home/manchev
manchev@shodan:~$

manchev@shodan:~$ pwd --help
-bash: pwd: --: invalid option
pwd: usage: pwd [-PL]
manchev@shodan:~$

bash
bash
cd
cd
cd
home
manchev@shodan:~$ cd /
manchev@shodan:/$ pwd
/
manchev@shodan:/$ cd
manchev@shodan:~$ pwd
/home/manchev
manchev@shodan:~$

cd
pwd
manchev@shodan:/$ cd

manchev@shodan:/$ cd /home/manchev

cd
cd
man bash
info bash
cd
cd
/home
manchev@shodan:/home$

/home/manchev
cd
/home
/home/manchev
manchev@shodan:/home$ cd /home/manchev

manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchev

/usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers
/usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers/linux
cd
manchev
backup
manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchev
manchev@shodan:~$ cd backup

manchev@shodan:/home$ cd manchev/backup

/etc
manchev@shodan:/etc$ cd
manchev@shodan:~$ cd backup

manchev@shodan:/etc$ cd /home/manchev/backup

cd
manchev@shodan:/etc$ cd ~/backup

cd
backup
# apt-get install desktop-base
# dpkg -L desktop-base

menu
/usr/share/doc/menu/
pdmenu
apteryx
iselect
apt-iselect
aptitude
debtags
synaptic-debtags
# apt-cache search bulgarian

console-cyrillic
language-env
# apt-get source console-cyrillic language-env

debian-{l10n|user}-bulgarian
bglinux
qwerty/us
tasksel
locales
debconf
bg_BG
locales
# dpkg-reconfigure locales

/etc/locale.gen
bg_BG
/etc/environment
PAM
/etc/pam.d/програма
/etc/locale.alias
bulgarian              bg_BG.CP1251

console-cyrillic
cyr --help

--save
~/.cyr_defaults
cyr
cyr 2> /dev/null

~/.bash_profile
2> /dev/null
xterm
gnome-terminal
xserver-xfree86
bg
phonetic
bds
grp:shift_toggle
grp:ctrl_shift_toggle
grp:caps_toggle
grp:ctrl_alt_toggle
grp:alt_shift_toggle
grp:menu_toggle
/etc/X11/xkb/rules/xfree86.lst
/etc/X11/XF86Config-4
### BEGIN DEBCONF SECTION

Section "InputDevice"
        .. 
        ..
        Option  "XkbLayout"     "bg"
        Option  "XkbVariant"    "phonetic"
        Option  "XkbOptions"    "grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll"
EndSection

# едновременно фонетична и БДС наредба
        Option "XkbLayout" "us,bg,bg"
        Option "XkbVariant" ",phonetic,bds"

# или само фонетична
        Option "XkbLayout" "us,bg"
        Option "XkbVariant" ",phonetic"

# setxkbmap bg phonetic_enhanced grp:toggle,grp_led:scroll

# setxkbmap bg bds_enhanced grp:toggle,grp_led:scroll

~/.xsession
~/.xinitrc
~/.xsession
xdm
kdm
gdm
# setxkbmap [ -layout XkbLayout ]
            [ -variant XkbVariant ]
            [ -option XkbOptions ]
            [ -compat XkbCompat ]

kxkb
xxkbd
# touch /usr/lib/X11/locale/microsoft-cp1251/Compose

microsoft-cp1251
windows-1251
fixed
10x20
windows-1251
w-
w-fixed
w-10x20
c-
iso10646-1
$ xlsfonts | grep ^w-

*.alias
/etc/X11/fonts
$ xfd -fn w-10x20

iso10646-1
$ xfd -fn "`xfontsel -print`"

xfonts-base
xfonts-cronyx-{ cp1251, koi8r}-{{ 75, 100}dpi, misc}
 xfonts-bolkhov-{cp1251,koi8r}-{75dpi,misc}
scalable-cyrfonts-x11
scalable-terminus
msttcorefonts
Lucida Sans 14
-b&h-lucida-medium-r-normal-sans-14-100-100-100-p-80-iso10646-1
windows-1251
iso8859-1
ttmkfdir
*.ttf
$ ttmkfdir -о име.scale

*.ttf
/usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
име.scale
/etc/X11/fonts/TrueType
# update-fonts-scale TrueType
# update-fonts-dir TrueType

xfs
/usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
catalogue
/etc/X11/fs/config
xfs-xtt
/etc/X11/fs-xtt/config
# /etc/init.d/xfs reload

xfs-xtt
# /etc/init.d/xfs-xtt reload

Files
/etc/X11/XF86Config-4
### END DEBCONF SECTION

/usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
*.ttf
~/.fonts
/etc/X11/XftConfig
match
        any size > 8
        any size < 15
edit 
        antialias = false;

xfs
xfs-xtt
xfs
/etc/X11/XF86Config-4
### END DEBCONF SECTION

Section "Files"
        FontPath        "unix:/7100"    # xfs port
EndSection "Files"

/etc/gtk/gtkrc.bg
msttcorefonts
/usr/share/AbiSuite/fonts/CP1251
*.ttf
# ln -s /usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType/*.ttf .

ttmkfdir
# ttmkfdir | grep microsoft-cp1251$ > fonts.list
# (wc -l fonts.list; cat fonts.list) > fonts.scale
# mkfontdir

# ttftool -e print

# ttfadmin.sh /usr/share/AbiSuite/fonts/CP1251 CP1251

.t42
.afm
.u2g
LANG=bg_BG
bg_BG.CP1251
bg_BG
bg_BG.CP1251
bg_BG.CP1251
/etc/environment
LANG=bg_BG
LANG=bg_BG.CP1251
~/.bash_profile
export LANG=bg_BG.CP1251

/usr/local/bin/abi
#!/bin/sh
LANG=bg_BG.CP1251 exec abiword

~/.bash_profile
alias abi='LANG=bg_BG.CP1251 abiword'

xfs
/etc/init.d/gdm
LANG=bg_BG
export LANG

/etc/locale.alias
bulgarian       bg_BG.CP1251

/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf
DefaultLocale=bg_BG
SystemMenu=true
Use24Clock=true

windows-1251
windows-1251
windows-1251
# dpkg-reconfigure locales

debconf
/usr/sbin/locale-gen
/etc/locale.gen
kdm
wdm
/etc/X11/XftConfig
libfreetype6
mozilla-xft
/etc/mozilla/prefs.js
/usr/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType
font.antialias.min
# tasksel

language-env
language-env
tasksel
$ set-language-env

$ set-language-env -r

console-cyrillic
locales
cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.debian.org:/cvs/webwml login
cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs.debian.org:/cvs/webwml checkout webwml/bulgarian

iproute
# apt-cdrom add

pppconfig
# apt-get update && apt-get install pppconfig

# pppconfig

$ su

$

#

#  pon име_на_конекцията

# pon    (за конекцията provider)

# pon    име_на_конекцията

dial-up
wvdial
pppconfig
[Dialer Defaults]

# Серийният порт, на който се намира модема
Modem = /dev/ttyS1

# Скоростта на връзката, имайте предвид, че 
# трябва да е равна на тази в /etc/ppp/options
Baud = 38400

# Инициализиращият стринг за модема; зависи от модела на
# модема, така че е добре да погледнете в документацията му
Init1 = ATX3

# Ако сте е pppd > 2.4.0
New PPPD = yes

# Телефонният номер, към който ще dial-up-вате
Phone = 9300904

# Вашето потребителско име
Username = YourUserName

# Вашата парола
Password = YourPassword

# При прекъсване автоматично ще опитаме отново
Auto Redial = yes

# ATDT за тонално, ATDP за пулсово набиране
Dial Command = ATDT

/etc/resolv.conf
nameserver
IP
DNS
# wvdial

pppconfig
wvdial
kppp
dial-up
ISP
xterm
konsole
gnome-terminal
# kppp

/etc/resolv.conf
nameserver
IP
DNS
TCP/IP
/etc/network
/etc/init.d/networking
/etc/network/interfaces
auto
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
        address 192.168.1.120
        netmask 255.255.255.0
        network 192.168.1.0
        broadcast 192.168.1.255
        gateway 192.168.1.1

iface
pre-up
post-down
pre-up
iface
iface eth0 inet static
        pre-up ifconfig eth0 hw ether AB:CD:EF:AB:CD:EF

eth0
AB:CD:EF:AB:CD:EF
post-down
pre-up
/etc/network/interfaces
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp

/etc/network/options
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
ip_forward=yes

spoofprotect=no

syn flooding
syncookies=no

www.yahoo.com
216.109.117.205
/etc/resolv.conf
search <домейн-име на вашия доставчик>

nameserver <IP на сървър за имена 1>
nameserver <IP на сървър за имена 2>

iptables
# /etc/init.d/iptables save active

/usr/share/doc/iptables/README.Debian.gz
INTIF=eth0                      # Вътрешна мрежа
EXTIF=eth1                      # Интернет
TCP_SERVICES="22,80"            # Разрешени услуги

# Изтриване на всички таблици
iptables -F INPUT
iptables -F FORWARD
iptables -F OUTPUT
iptables -t nat -F PREROUTING
iptables -t nat -F POSTROUTING

### Таблица INPUT ##########################################

# Подразбираща се политика.
iptables -P INPUT DROP

# Пакети от активни TCP връзки се разрешават.  Пакети-отговори също се
# разрешават, например отговор на DNS заявка (по UDP) или отговор на
# ping request (по ICMP).
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

# Всеки от вътрешната мрежа, както и от локалния интерфейс, може да
# започне нова връзка.
iptables -A INPUT -i $INTIF -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT

# Тук е мястото за още правила.

# Пример: Разрешава нови TCP връзки от Интернет към някой от
# $TCP_SERVICES на който и да е компютър от вътрешната мрежа.
iptables -A INPUT -i $EXTIF -m state --state NEW \
        -p tcp -m multiport --dport $TCP_SERVICES -j ACCEPT

# Хроникиране на отказаните пакети.
iptables -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix "FW_INPUT  "

### Таблица FORWARD ########################################

# Подразбираща се политика.
iptables -P FORWARD DROP

# Пакет от вътрешната мрежа, отиващ към Интернет.
iptables -A FORWARD -i $INTIF -o $EXTIF -j ACCEPT

# За да се върне пакетът, обаче, трябва да е част от някоя активна
# TCP връзка.
iptables -A FORWARD -i $EXTIF \
        -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

# Тук е мястото за още правила.

# Хроникиране на отказаните пакети.
iptables -A FORWARD -j LOG --log-prefix "FW_FORWARD  "

### Таблица OUTPUT #########################################

# Подразбираща се политика
iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT

### Таблица POSTROUTING ####################################

# Пример: Маскарадинг за отиващите към Интернет пакети.
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o $EXTIF -j MASQUERADE

USB support
USB-scanner support
# apt-get install sane sane-utils

libsane-extras
# apt-get install libsane-extras

/etc/sane.d/snapscan.conf
firmware
bin
bin
# modprobe scanner

# sane-find-scanner

found USB scanner (vendor=0x04a5, product=0x20de) at /dev/usb/scanner0

Bin
/dev/usb/scanner0
/etc/sane.d/snapscan.conf
xsane
apt-get install xsane xsane-common

/etc/modules.conf
sane-find-sannner
options scanner vendor=0x04a5 product=0x20de

testing
apt
/etc/apt/sources.list
stable
woody
testing
sources.list
sources.list
deb http://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian/ testing main non-free contrib

# apt-get update
# apt-get dist-upgrade

# apt-get install grub
# grub-install /dev/hda
# update-grub
# dpkg -P lilo                   # Пълно изтриване на LILO

grub
/etc/kernel-img.conf
grub
postinst_hook = /sbin/update-grub
postrm_hook = /sbin/update-grub
warn_initrd = no

# apt-get install kernel-image-2.6-686

686
386
k7
-smp
devfs
kernel-space
user-space
sysfs
/sbin/hotplug
/dev
udev
udev
hotplug
cd /tmp
apt-get source udev hotplug

CONFIG_HOTPLUG=y
CONFIG_PROC_KCORE=y
CONFIG_SYSFS=y
# Ако включите CONFIG_DEVFS_FS=y , то при зареждане трябва да подадете 
# devfs=nomount за да може да се използва udev 
# Не включвайте CONFIG_DEVFS_MOUNT=y
CONFIG_DEVPTS_FS=y # ако я имате, защото след 2.6.4 е активирана  
                   # директно в сорса на ядрото и не е като опция
CONFIG_TMPFS=y
CONFIG_RAMFS=y

apt-get install udev hotplug

/dev
/etc/udev/links.conf
M nvidia0 c 195 0
M nvidia1 c 195 1
M nvidiactl c 195 255

/sbin/MAKEDEV
# apt-get install screen less vim
# dpkg -P nvi

/etc/profile
less
gzip
bzip2
eval $(lesspipe)

/etc/vim/vimrc
set backup
syntax on

discard
time
daytime
# /etc/init.d/inetd reload

# apt-get install postfix

postfix
# apt-get install ssh dnsutils

Александър Велин
cp -ra
coreutils
apt-get install coreutils

dd if=/dev/hda1 of=/dev/hda5

util-linux
apt-get intall util-linux

dump
apt-get intall dump

pcopy
$HOME
.cvsignore
.cvspass
subversion
arch
tla
rcs
cssc
rsync
.deb
project/experimental
.deb
cpuid
aboot
.diff
пакет_версия.dsc
MD5
PGP
пакет_версия.diff.gz
пакет_версия.orig.tar.gz
пакет_версия_архитектура.deb
apache
apache
apt
dpkg
dpkg
dselect
apt
dselect
dselect
dselect
[]
     # export http_proxy=http://gateway:3128/
     # dselect

dpkg
apt
dpkg
apt
apt
apt
apt
perl
apt
apt
/etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free
deb http://mirrors.ludost.net/debian stable main contrib non-free
deb http://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free

# apt-cdrom add

/etc/apt/sources.list
# apt-get update

# apt-get update
# apt-get upgrade

# apt-get install xpdf kernel-package

xpdf
kernel-package
# apt-get remove xpdf

xpdf
$ apt-cache search pdf viewer

$ apt-cache show xpdf

aptitude
synaptic
apt-dpkg-ref
/usr/share/doc/apt-dpkg-ref/
# apt-get install пакет

# apt-get remove [--purge] пакет

-purge
dpkg -P
# apt-get update

/etc/apt/sources.list
# apt-get upgrade [-u]

apt-get upgrade
-u
# apt-get dist-upgrade [-u]

apt-get upgrade
# apt-cache search шаблон

# apt-cache show пакет

# apt-cache showpkg пакет

console-apt
aptitude
gnome-apt
synaptic
stormpkg
dselect
aptitude
# dpkg -i пакет.deb

# dpkg -c пакет.deb

пакет.deb
.deb
# dpkg -I пакет.deb

пакет.deb
# dpkg -r пакет

# dpkg -P пакет

-r
-remove
-P
-purge
-remove
-purge
# dpkg -L пакет

dpkg -c
.deb
# dpkg -s пакет

apt-cache show
/etc/apt/sources.list
dpkg -I
.deb
# dpkg-reconfigure <package>

debconf
debconf
debconf
debconf
dialog
# dpkg-reconfigure --frontend=dialog debconf

# echo 'пакет hold' | dpkg --set-selections

# dpkg --get-selections пакет

# dpkg -S файл

# apt-get source [-b] пакет

deb-src
/etc/apt/sources.list
-b
# apt-get build-dep пакет

apt-get source -b
apt-get build-dep пакет
apt-get source -b пакет

# dpkg-source -x пакет.dsc

.orig.tar.gz
.tar.gz
.dsc
.diff.gz
.dsc
# dpkg-buildpackage

dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -uc -b

-rfakeroot
fakeroot
-uc
-b
# debuild

dpkg-buildpackage
fakeroot
lintian
gpg
# dpkg --configure --pending

dpkg
# apt-get install пакет
# apt-get upgrade
# apt-get dist-upgrade

# dpkg --configure --pending

# apt-get install -f 
# apt-get upgrade -f 
# apt-get dist-upgrade -f

-f
# apt-get install -f 
# apt-get upgrade -f 
# apt-get dist-upgrade -f

apt-get install -f
/etc/apt/sources.list
###################################################################
# Official US & non-US, binary & source package entries start here
###################################################################

# BINARY PACKAGES
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian stable   main contrib non-free
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian testing  main contrib non-free
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free

deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US   main contrib non-free
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US testing/non-US  main contrib non-free
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US unstable/non-US main contrib non-free

deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US   main contrib non-free
deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US testing/non-US  main contrib non-free
deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US unstable/non-US main contrib non-free

# Proposed & security updates
deb http://security.debian.org stable/updates main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org testing/updates main contrib non-free
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian testing-proposed-updates main contrib non-free

# SOURCE PACKAGES
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian stable   main contrib non-free
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian testing  main contrib non-free
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free

deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US   main contrib non-free
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US testing/non-US  main contrib non-free
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US unstable/non-US main contrib non-free

deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US   main contrib non-free
deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US testing/non-US  main contrib non-free
deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US unstable/non-US main contrib non-free

# Proposed & security updates
deb-src http://security.debian.org     stable/updates  main contrib non-free
deb-src http://security.debian.org     testing/updates  main contrib non-free
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian testing-proposed-updates  main contrib non-free

#####################################################################
# Unofficial APT entries start here - binary and/or source packages
#####################################################################
# Various unofficial sources for APT can be found here:
# http://www.internatif.org/bortzmeyer/debian/apt-sources/
# http://www.apt-get.org

#####################################################################
# Unofficial apt-build local repository - note compiler optimizations
#####################################################################
#deb file:/var/cache/apt-build/repository apt-build main

# 1) MY OWN LOCAL REPOSITORY
# ===========================
#deb file:/usr/local/src/Mplayer-dev/mplayer-netinst/MPlayer-CVS   ./

# 2) GNOME 2 semi-officials
# =========================
# after apt-get update, go examine list files in /var/lib/apt/lists/
# ex: apt-get install -t experimental gnome2
# ex: apt-get -t experimental install nautilus2 gnome-panel2
#     gnome-applets2 gnome-terminal2 gnome-control-center2 fam
#     msttcorefonts ...

deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ ../project/experimental main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ ../project/experimental main contrib non-free

# apt-get install gnome2
#deb http://people.debian.org/~walters/debian/staging/ ./

# 3)  KDE 3.x unofficials
# =======================
# SEE http://davidpashley.com/debian-kde/faq.html
#
# for KDE 3.1 unofficial deb's see http://wh9.tu-dresden.de/kde3/

# for stable backport from download.kde.org

#deb http://download.kde.org/stable/3.1.1/Debian stable main
#deb-src http://download.kde.org/stable/3.1.1/Debian stable main

# KOffice, kdeartwork, kdeaddons, kdeedu, kdesdk, kdetoys, kile,
# kbear, quanta, kcd, kcpuload, kdbg, knetload, konq-speaker, kprof
#deb http://people.debian.org/~bab/kde3 ./

# kdevelop
#deb http://people.debian.org/~njordan kde3.0/

# ksensors, kvim, kxicq2, krusader, yammi, arson
#deb http://ers.linuxforum.hu/kde3deb/ ./

# 4) Joey Hess's kitenet development network http://kitenet.net/programs/debs.cgi
# ===============================================================================
# very powerful perl version of apt-src program + more ...
#    deb     http://kitenet.net/programs/code/debian /
#    deb-src http://kitenet.net/programs/code/debian /

# 5) OPERA
# ========
deb http://www.opera.com/debian stable opera non-free

# 6) ICKLE
# ========
#deb http://stud3.tuwien.ac.at/~e0027500/debian/ ./

# 7) Pixie Plus
# =============
#deb http://arachni.kiwi.uni-hamburg.de/~harlekin/binary-i386/ ./

# 8) Blackdown java files
# =======================
#deb ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/linux/devel/lang/java/blackdown.org/debian woody non-free

# 9) Jonas site - lame, pine binaries, etc ... , do in mind apt's preferences !
# ==============================================================================
#    deb http://debian.jones.dk/ unstable misc
#    deb http://debian.jones.dk/ testing misc

# 10) snapshot.debian.net - Fumitoshi UKAI <ukai@debian.or.jp>
# ============================================================

# Different from usual mirror site, it provides daily snapshot since
# 2002/06/04.  It uses pdumpfs to backup debian & debian-non-US
# daily. This is useful in case you got broken version of package and
# you want to get old working version of package without searching
# around delayed debian mirror sites. Whenever you like, you can
# access debian archive on specific date. For example, you can get
# debian packages of June 20th from

# http://snapshot.debian.net/archive/2002/06/20/debian
# or apt-line
#deb http://snapshot.debian.net/archive/2002/06/20/debian unstable main contrib non-free

# You can also get debian packages on relative date, for instance, last week's
# debian from http://snapshot.debian.net/archive/date/last-week/debian/
# or apt-line
#deb http://snapshot.debian.net/archive/date/last-week/debian unstable main contrib non-free
# In place of 'last-week', you can use any datestr recognized by date(1).
# You can also access all version of debian package in snapshot.debian.net by using the following apt-line
#deb http://snapshot.debian.net/archive pool packagename1 packagename2 ....
# This is useful if you don't know when specific version of package you want
# was installed in debian but know which version of package.

cc = gcc-2.95
Olevel = -O3
march = -march=i686
mcpu = -mcpu=i686

/* This file is a sample configuration file with a few harmless sample 
   options.   
*/

APT 
{
  // Options for apt-get
  Get 
  {
     Download-Only "false";
  };

};

// Always show packages to be upgraded (-u)
APT::Get::Show-Upgraded "true";

// Options for the downloading routines
Acquire
{
  Retries "0";
};

// Things that effect the APT dselect method
DSelect 
{
  Clean "auto";   // always|auto|prompt|never
};

DPkg 
{
  // Probably don't want to use force-downgrade..
  Options {"--force-overwrite";}
}

    APT::Default-Release "testing";
    APT::Cache-Limit "25165824";

// All dpsyco packages should be updated after installation.
DPkg::Post-Invoke {"/usr/sbin/update-dpsyco || true";};

# cache directory. All Contents files will be stored in this directory
cache = /var/cache/auto-apt

# verbose. Run apt-file in verbose mode
verbose off

# arch. Processor architecture (defaults to host architecture)
# arch = i386

# sources-list. Where to find the `sources-list' file
sources-list = /etc/apt/sources.list

# ftp-passive. Switch to passive ftp connection
ftp-passive on

# case-sensitive. Find files in case sensitive mode
case-sensitive on

# recursive. Search file in a recursive mode
recursive on

Package: *
Pin: release o=Jones
Pin-Priority: 99

Package: *
Pin: release a=stable
Pin-Priority: 200

Package: *
Pin: release a=testing
Pin-Priority: 300

Package: *
Pin: release a=unstable
Pin-Priority: 400

# OLD VALUES BEGIN
# Package: *
# Pin: release o=Jones
# Pin-Priority: 99
# OLD VALUES END

#  Package: *
# Pin: release v=3.0*
# Pin-Priority: 1001

# Using APT with both Debian and non-Debian sources
# ----------------------------------------------------------------
#
# APT's Default-Release setting (aka "apt-get --target-release") is an
# extremely useful feature, but it has problems if you're using non-Debian
# entries in your /etc/apt/sources.list file.  This file improves the
# situation a bit.
#
# Copy this file to /etc/apt/preferences and edit the following Pin:
# line, replacing "testing" with "stable" if that's your preferences.
# The rest of the file contains an explanation, you don't have to
# worry about anything other than this line if you don't care about
# the details.
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------

Pin: release a=testing

# ----------------------------------------------------------------
#
# The above Pin: is your default release.  The way it's set is the
# equivalent of the apt.conf APT::Default-Release setting.  It's
# convenient to have it here instead so that all the pinning settings
# are in one place.
#

Package: *
Pin-Priority: 900

# Pin unstable at a lower than default priority.  Here's an example to
# show why this is necessary.  Consider a package which is available
# from 3 releases like this:
#
#    rel.       ver.    without pin     with pin
#    ----       ----    -----------     --------
#    testing    1.0     900             900
#    local      1.1     500             500
#    unstable   1.2     500             200
#
# Without this pin version 1.1 installed from local would be immediately
# upgraded to the 1.2 version from unstable, since they're both priority
# 500.
#
# The priority of this pin has to be > 100 (the priority of currently
# installed packages) else a package installed from unstable wouldn't
# track new versions from unstable.
#
# This isn't a complete solution.  Say your apt.sources included
# Debian's testing and unstable, plus 3 external sources A, B, and
# C.  It'd be nice to be able to install a package from B and have
# it always come from B (or from the default release, if a newer
# version gets there), but I don't see a way to do that without
# listing the other releases here explicitly.  Since A, B, and C all
# have the same priority (500, the default priority) a package from
# B can be replaced by a newer one from C.  If this is a problem for
# you, the best solution I can currently offer is to add a new pin
# here for each of your external sources.  Even then I don't see a
# way to do per-release mutual exclusion, so you'll still have to
# order them.  If they don't provide a Release file you should be
# able to use a specifier like "Pin: origin www.somesource.com".

Package: *
Pin: release o=Debian
Pin-Priority: 200

/usr/lib/apt/methods/
APT::Default-Release "testing"

-t
-target-release
-default-release
APT::Default-Release
-t
Package:
Pin:
Pin-Priority:
/etc/apt/preferences
APT::Default-Release
# apt-get install пакет/unstable

# apt-get install -t unstable пакет

-s
# apt-get install пакет1/stable пакет2/testing пакет3/unstable -s

# apt-get install пакет=версия

# apt-get install пакет/stable

/var/cache/apt/archives/
dpkg-repack
dpkg-repack
# dpkg-repack пакет

.deb
-s
# apt-cache policy пакет

debfoster -u
# apt-get dist-upgrade

apt-src
apt-build
pbuilder
# apt-cache search ftp-server

bsd-ftpd - Port of the OpenBSD FTP server
ftpd - FTP server
ftpd-ssl - FTP server with SSL encryption support.
heimdal-servers - Servers for Heimdal Kerberos
kerberos4kth-servers - Servers for Kerberos4 From KTH
krb5-ftpd - Secure FTP server supporting MIT Kerberos
lukemftpd - The enhanced ftp daemon from NetBSD.
vsftpd - The Very Secure FTP Daemon
wu-ftpd - powerful and widely used FTP server
......
.....

debian-policy
kde
gnome
x-window-system
x-window-system
kde
kdegraphics
koffice
#apt-cache search metapackage

arts - Analog Realtime Synthesizer (aRts) metapackage
debian-reference - A metapackage to install all translations of Debian Reference
education-astronomy - DebianEdu astronomy related applications
education-chemistry - DebianEdu chemistry related applications
education-desktop-gnome - DebianEdu GNOME desktop applications
education-desktop-kde - DebianEdu KDE desktop applications
education-desktop-other - DebianEdu desktop applications (non-GNOME, non-KDE)
education-electronics - DebianEdu electronics related applications
education-geography - DebianEdu applications for geography
education-graphics - DebianEdu graphics related applications
.....
....

rpm
apt
rpm
rpm
apt
aptitude
synaptic
gsynaptic
stormpkg
deity
gnome-apt
kpackage
dpkg
rpm
.deb
.rpm
.deb
.tgz
.tar.gz
rpm
.rpm
alien
.rpm
.rpm
apt-listchanges
apt-listbugs
apt-show-source
apt-show-versions
install-doc
apt-howto-en
debian-reference-en
apt
dpkg
apt-dpkg-ref
doc-linux-text
doc-linux-html
dwww
http://localhost/dwww
dhelp
http://localhost/doc/HTML
doc-central
http://localhost/dc
post*
pre*
postinst
/var/lib/dpkg/info/
пакет.preinst
пакет.postinst
пакет.prerm
пакет.postrm
# apt-get install scrollkeeper -t unstable

scrollkeeper.postinst
ps auxfw
top
scrollkeeper
/var/lib/dpkg/info/scrollkeeper.postinst
scrollkeeper-rebuilddb
  -q
scrollkeeper.postinst
-v
echo "'this is a temporary fix to unblock dpkg & apt"'

dpkg
scrollkeeper.postinst
apt-get install
dpkg -i
# dpkg --configure -a

scrollkeeper.postinst
scrollkeeper.postinst
# dpkg-reconfigure skrollkeeper

wishlist
preinst
postinst
prerm
postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/пакет.скрипт
apt-get remove xscreensaver
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 
dpkg: error processing xscreensaver (--remove):
 subprocess post-removal script returned error exit status 127
Errors were encountered while processing:
 xscreensaver

/var/lib/dpkg/info/xscreensaver.postrm
# dpkg-reconfigure xscreensaver

autoconf
automake
make
gcc
maint-guide
mini-dinstall
debconf
debconf-utils
debconf-devel
frontend
debconf
configure-debian
debconf
# apt-get install base-files
Preparing to replace base-files 3.0.5 (using .../base-files_3.0.6_i386.deb)...
Unpacking replacement base-files ...
Setting up base-files (3.0.6) ...
Configuration file `/etc/profile'
==> Modified (by you or by a script) since installation.
==> Package distributor has shipped an updated version.

What would you like to do about it ? Your options are:

Y or I : install the package maintainer's version
N or O : keep your currently-installed version
D : show the differences between the versions
Z : background this process to examine the situation

The default action is to keep your current version.
*** profile (Y/I/N/O/D/Z) [default=N] ? I

Installing new version of config file /etc/profile ...

dpkg-cross
dpkg-cross
# dpkg -S /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage
dpkg-dev: /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage

dpkg-cross
# apt-get install dpkg-cross
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
dpkg-cross
0 packages upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 19 not upgraded.        
Need to get 43.7kB of archives. After unpacking 205kB will be used.
Get:1 ftp://ftp.de.debian.org stable/main dpkg-cross 1.13.1 [43.7kB]
Fetched 43.7kB in 27s (1607B/s)
Selecting previously deselected package dpkg-cross.
(Reading database ... 154258 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking dpkg-cross (from .../dpkg-cross_1.13.1_all.deb) ...
Adding `diversion of /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage to
/usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage.orig by dpkg-cross'
Adding `diversion of /usr/bin/dpkg-shlibdeps to
/usr/bin/dpkg-shlibdeps.orig by dpkg-cross'
Setting up dpkg-cross (1.13.1) ...
Updating Debian Packages of System Configurations.

Adding diversion...
/usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage
/usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage.orig
dpkg-cross
debian
/var/lib/dpkg/info/dpkg-cross.postinst
dpkg-cross
dpkg-cross
dpkg-buildpackage
dpkg-cross
dpkg-cross
dpkg-dev
/usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage
# apt-cache show dpkg-cross | grep Depends
Depends: dpkg-dev, perl5 | perl

dpkg-cross
dpkg -S
/usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage
# dpkg -S /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage
diversion by dpkg-cross from: /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage
diversion by dpkg-cross to: /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage.orig
dpkg-cross, dpkg-dev: /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage

/usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage
dpkg -S
dpkg-cross
# apt-get --purge remove dpkg-cross
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
dpkg-cross*
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 19 not upgraded.
Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 205kB will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
(Reading database ... 154276 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing dpkg-cross ...
Removing `diversion of /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage to
/usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage.orig by dpkg-cross'
Removing `diversion of /usr/bin/dpkg-shlibdeps to
/usr/bin/dpkg-shlibdeps.orig by dpkg-cross'

Purging configuration files for dpkg-cross ...
Updating Debian Packages of System Configurations.

Removing diversion ...
# dpkg -S /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage        
dpkg-dev: /usr/bin/dpkg-buildpackage

dpkg-dev
dpkg-cross
dpkg-cross
hello
hello-debhelper
Debian
/usr/local/
root
Debian
dpkg-deb -x
dpkg-deb -е
hello
.dsc
dpkg-source
tar
patch
debian
hello
debian-policy
hello-debhelper
debhelper
debian
hello-debhelper
deb
hello-debhelper
upload
dh-make
devscripts
dh-make
dh_make -e your.maintainer@address -f ../program-1.2.3.tar.gz

devscripts
dch -i "I changed this"
debuild
debian/rules
debian/rules build binary patch unpatch и т.н.
debc
debi
debrelease
debian/
debhelper
debian/rules
make
Makefile
#!
make
/usr/share/doc/име_на_пакет/
dh-make
debian
binary packages
debian source packages
maint-guide
dh-make
control
dh-make
debian/
# cd program-source-directory
# dh_make -e your.maint@address -f ../programname-x.y.z.tar.gz

debhelper
Perl
debian/rules
.preinst,.postinst,.prerm,.postrm
dpkg -L denhelper
dh_*
debhelper
debian/rules
debhelper
debhelper
$ dpkg -L debhelper | grep usr/bin

debhelper
control
changelog
cron
etc/cron.*
DEBIAN
package.postinst
package.preinst
package.postrm
package.prerm
package.shlibs
package.conffiles
dh_*
debian/rules
usr/share/doc/пакет/examples
debian/packages.examples
debian/packages.info
logrotate
debian/packages.manpages
postinst
postrm
menu
debian/package.menu
usr/lib/menu/package
debian/package.menu-method
etc/menu-methods/пакет
debian/package.mime
usr/lib/mime/packages/пакет
modutils
debian/package.modules
etc/modutils/пакет
debian/package.pam
etc/pam.d/пакет
debian/package.wm
debian/package.xaw
usr/lib/xaw-wrappers/config/пакет
debhelper
DEBIAN/md5sums
debian/package.files
debian/tmp
subpackages
debian/control
root
debhelper
control
undocumented.7.gz
dh_*
debian/rules
dh_*
debhelper
debian/
# apt-get source debhelper

debconf
debconf-utils
po-debconf
devscripts
zless /usr/share/doc/devscripts/README.gz
www-browser
mailx
debian/changelog
fakeroot
su
fakeroot
lintian
gnupg
wdiff
patchutils
su
perl-suid
debian-test
dupload
dput
dupload
dput
ssh
.changes
.dsc
gnupg
debian-keyring
libdigest-md5-perl
.changes
.dsc
gnupg
debian-keyring
ssh
Build-Depends
control
build-essential
strace
update_excuses.html
libwww-perl
.changes
changelog
libtimedate-perl
gnuplot
patch
exim
procmail
libwww-perl
debmake
dpatch
patchutils
dh-kpatches
cdbs
cvs-buildpackage
svn-buildpackage
arch-buildpackage
tla-buildpackage
linda
lintian
debian-test
debbugs
reportbug
/*
 * In terms of GNU GPL
 * by <zimage@delbg.com>
 * 1995-2000 Davidov Electric Ltd.
 */

#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define DATASIZE 1024

int main (int argc, char *argv[]){
  int sockfd, bytesRecv, bytesSent;
  char *sendHeader, rData[DATASIZE];
  char *addr;
  struct hostent *wsHost;
  struct sockaddr_in wsAddr;
  struct in_addr wsIP;

  sendHeader = "HEAD / HTTP/1.0\n\r\n\r\n\r";

  if (argc < 2)
  {
    printf ("wsver v1.1 by zImage <zimage@delbg.com>\n\n\t");
    printf ("Usage: %s <ipaddress | hostname>\n\n", argv[0]);
    exit (0);
  }

  addr = argv[1];

  if((wsIP.s_addr = inet_addr(addr)) == -1)
  {
        printf("Lookin' up %s...\t", addr);
        fflush(stdout);
        if((wsHost = gethostbyname(addr)) == NULL)
        {
          printf("Failed.\n");
          herror(NULL);
          exit(1);
        }
        wsIP = *(struct in_addr *)wsHost->h_addr_list[0];
        printf("%s\n", inet_ntoa(wsIP) );
  }

  if ((sockfd = socket (PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1)
  {
    printf ("Error: %i", errno);
    perror(NULL);
    exit (1);
  } else {
    printf ("Connecting to %s...\t", inet_ntoa(wsIP));
    fflush(stdout);
  }

  wsAddr.sin_family = PF_INET;
  wsAddr.sin_port = htons (80);
  wsAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = wsIP.s_addr;
  bzero (&(wsAddr.sin_zero), 8);

  if ((connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *) &wsAddr, sizeof (struct sockaddr))) == -1)
  {
      printf ("Failed.\n");
      perror (NULL);
      exit (1);
  } else {
      printf ("OK.\n");
  }

  printf ("Sending header...\t");
  fflush(stdout);
  if ((bytesSent = send (sockfd, sendHeader, strlen (sendHeader), 0)) == -1)
  {
      printf ("Failed.\n");
      perror (NULL);
      exit (1);
  } else {
      printf ("OK - %i bytes sent.\n", bytesSent);
  }

  printf ("Reading header...\t");
  fflush(stdout);
  if ((bytesRecv = recv (sockfd, rData, DATASIZE, 0)) == -1)
  {
    printf ("Failed.\n");
    perror (NULL);
    exit (1);
  } else {
    printf ("OK - %i bytes read\n", bytesRecv);
  }

  rData[bytesRecv] = '\0';

  printf (" \n- - - Header received - - -\n%s- - - end of header - - -\n", rData);

  return 0;
}

gcc -o wsver wsver.c

wsver
# ldd ./wsver
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40026000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)

# dpkg -S /lib/libc.so.6 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
libc6: /lib/libc.so.6
libc6: /lib/ld-linux.so.2

# apt-cache show libc6 | grep Section
Section: base

libc6
# mkdir -p wsver/usr/bin wsver/DEBIAN
# cp wsver wsver/usr/bin
# echo "Package: wsver" > wsver/DEBIAN/control
# echo "Version: 1" >> wsver/DEBIAN/control
# echo "Architecture: i386" >> wsver/DEBIAN/control
# echo "Maintainer: You <you@some.net>" >> wsver/DEBIAN/control
# echo "Description: Check web server version" >> wsver/DEBIAN/control
# dpkg-deb -b wsver
dpkg-deb: building package `wsver' in `wsver.deb'.
# dpkg -i wsver.deb
# whereis wsver 
wsver: /usr/bin/wsver
# apt-cache show wsver
Package: wsver
Status: install ok installed
Maintainer: You <you@some.net> 
Version: 1
Description: Check web server version
# wsver localhost

lintian
linda
debian/
/usr/local/src/MPlayer/
main/
debian/
main/
# fakeroot debian/rules binary

# DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS="--compile-options-here" debian/rules binary

Build-Depends
apt-get build-dep
debian/
auto-apt
# apt-get install auto-apt
# auto-apt update updatedb update-local
# fakeroot auto-apt run debian/rules binary

debian/rules
auto-apt
# auto-apt run ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/somewhere --more-options-here 
# auto-apt run make

auto-apt
package maintainers
debian/control
debian/rules
gcc
apt
apt
/usr/include/директория/файл.h
/usr/lib/
./configure; make; make install
dpkg
/usr/include/директория/файл.h
# dpkg -S /usr/include/somedir/somefile.h

dpkg
libc6-dev
source
  package
# apt-get build-dep libc6-dev
# apt-get source libc6-dev

glibc-2.3.1/
glibc_2.3.1-5.diff.gz
glibc_2.3.1-5.dsc
glibc_2.3.1.orig.tar.gz
debian/
debian/changelog
debian/patches/

# debian/rules binary
# dpkg -i ../*.deb

/etc/apt/sources.list
apt
dpkg
dpkg
debian/control
dpkg
/usr/local/
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
dpkg
dpkg
dpkg
dpkg
dpkg
apt-get install
  dpkg apt
dpkg -i dpkg_*.deb apt_*.deb
dpkg
dpkg
dpkg
debian/control
dpkg-static
/bin
/sbin
/usr/bin
/usr/sbin
-static
dpkg
apt
apt
dpkg
dpkg
apt
/var/lib/apt/lists/
apt-get update
/etc/apt/sources.list
apt-get source пакет
debian/
ar -x
  пакет_версия.deb
control.tar.gz
data.tar.gz
*Packages
*Sources
*Release
/var/lib/apt/lists/
Packages
Sources
Release
/etc/apt/sources.list
/var/lib/apt/lists/
dpkg
dpkg
  -l
dpkg -get-selections
огледало/debian/dists/издание/Contents-архитектура.gz
apt-file
apt-file update
auto-apt
auto-apt update updatedb update-local
dpkg
apt
auto-apt
sources.list
deb
dpkg
  -i
apt
overridefile
$ cd /usr/local/mypackages
$ find . -name "*.deb" > overridefile

overridefile
./aalib1_1.2-helix1_i386.deb
./abiword_0.7.10-helix1_i386.deb
./bonobo_0.23-helix4_i386.deb
./codecommander_0.9.7-helix1_i386.deb
./eog_0.5-helix1_i386.deb

overridefile
$ dpkg-scanpackages . overridefile > Packages

/etc/apt/sources.list
deb file:/usr/local/mypackages ./

apt
# apt-get update

apt
# apt-get install abiword

devscripts
# debuild -b -uc -us

debuild
sbuild
source dependencies
deb
/etc/apt/sources.list
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
deb ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main
deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
deb-src ftp://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free

apt-build
# apt-get install apt-build

gcc-3.2
/var/cache/apt-build/repository
# apt-build install mozilla-browser

apt-build
mozilla
# apt-get source mozilla-browser

# apt-get source diff=2.8.1-6

diff
2.8.1-6
Epoch:UpstreamVersion-DebianPackageVersion
Epoch
DebianPackageVersion
# apt-cache policy package

Packages.gz
Sources.gz
# apt-build update-repository

/var/cache/apt-build/build
# apt-build clean-build

# apt-get clean

deb http://www.yhbt.net/normalperson/debian ./
deb-src http://www.yhbt.net/normalperson/debian ./

gcc
make
binutils
# apt-get install kernel-package

/etc/kernel-package.conf
debian/
# apt-get install kernel-source-x.x.x

/usr/src
/usr/src/kernel-source-x.x.x
# ln -s /usr/src/kernel-source-x.x.x /usr/src/linux
# cd /usr/src/linux

# make-kpkg --config menuconfig kernel_image

/usr/src
/etc/lilo.conf
.old
# make-kpkg --config menuconfig --initrd kernel_image

debian/
# make-kpkg debian

.config
# make config

# make menuconfig

libncurses5-dev
# make xconfig

menuconfig
tk8.3
# make-kpkg kernel-image

kernel-image-<версия>_<архитектура>.deb
/usr/src/
/usr/src
# dpkg -i kernel-image-<версия>_<архитектура>.deb

LILO
/etc/lilo.conf
/etc/lilo.conf
/usr/share/kernel-package/README
/etc/lilo.conf
/vmlinuz
/vmlinuz.old
/lib/modules/2.4.18
# make-kpkg clean
# make menuconfig
# rm -rf include/linux/version.h
# make-kpkg --append_to_version -1mykernel kernel_image

vmlinuz-2.4.18-1mykernel
/usr/share/kernel-package/README
# apt-get install nvidia-glx-src nvidia-kernel-src alsa-source

alsa-base
alsa-utils
alsaconf
alsa-source
/usr/src
nvidia-glx-x.x.x
debian/
nvidia-kernel-src.tar.gz
modules
alsa-driver.tar.gz
/usr/src/modules
# cd /usr/src/nvidia-glx-x.x.x
# dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc

# cd /usr/src/linux
# make-kpkg modules_image

/etc/modules.conf
/etc/modutils
/etc/modules.conf
debconf
/etc/modules
/etc/X11/XF86Config-4
tar.gz
tar.bz2
stow
stow
Perl
stow
stow
# apt-get install stow

man
harden
harden-tools
# apt-get install suidmanager

dpkg-statoverride
suidmanager
/usr/bin/cdrecord
# dpkg-statoverride [options] --add <owner> <group> <mode> <file>

# dpkg-statoverride --update --add root users 4754 /usr/bin/cdrecord

dpkg
dpkg
/var/lib/dpkg/statoverride
dpkg-statoverride
debian-nikola:~# dpkg-statoverride --help
Debian dpkg-statoverride 1.10.18.
Copyright (C) 2000 Wichert Akkerman.

This is free software; see the GNU General Public Licence version 2 or later
for copying conditions.  There is NO warranty.

Usage:

  dpkg-statoverride [options] --add <owner> <group> <mode> <file>
  dpkg-statoverride [options] --remove <file>
  dpkg-statoverride [options] --list [<glob-pattern>]

  Options:
  --update                 immediately update file permissions
  --force                  force an action even if a sanity check fails
  --quiet                  quiet operation, minimal output
  --help                   print this help screen and exit
  --admindir <directory>   set the directory with the statoverride file

rsync
keyring
debian-keyring
maintainer
apt-get source
  пакет
.dsc
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----

Format: 1.0
Source: sysvinit
Version: 2.84-3
Binary: sysvinit
Maintainer: Miquel van Smoorenburg <miquels@cistron.nl>
Architecture: any
Standards-Version: 3.5.2.0
Files: 
 57f11fc13458d8a59894df099449ddbe 91130 sysvinit_2.84.orig.tar.gz
 4b90729bfad0c576e8e46250efb65e4d 42387 sysvinit_2.84-3.diff.gz

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org

iQB1AwUBPPNh6FiLscT2F1RZAQGw7QMAk0nUPS/Hsx6V5XD7Cjk54R9C8jvWPRkB
yxs7/GOpnUWPW9ND517mtnW7E0ZAOcZb0oj50wW5PS0ylRIuQui1IaNv0comzoRv
TACbvUv99j9eAcRTs+qYjnuX8MKTIVO7
=uKkZ
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

devscripts
Release.gpg
debsigs
apt-proxy
/etc/cron.daily/
#!/bin/bash
apt-get update && apt-get -y upgrade

/etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main

apt-proxy
# apt-get install apt-proxy

/etc/apt-proxy/apt-proxy.conf
APT_PROXY_CACHE=/var/cache/apt-proxy

add_backend /main/                                      \
        $APT_PROXY_CACHE/debian/                        \
        ftp.us.debian.org::debian/                      \
        ftp.de.debian.org::debian/                      \
        ftp2.de.debian.org::debian/                     \
        ftp.uk.debian.org::debian/

add_backend /non-US/                                    \
        $APT_PROXY_CACHE/non-US/                        \
        ftp.de.debian.org::debian-non-US/               \
        ftp2.de.debian.org::debian-non-US/              \
        ftp.uk.debian.org::debian/non-US/

add_backend /security/                                  \
        $APT_PROXY_CACHE/security/                      \
        security.debian.org::debian-security/           \
        non-us.debian.org::debian-security/

apt-proxy
/etc/inetd.conf
/etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://apt-proxy-сървър:9999/non-US stable/non-US main contrib non-free
deb http://apt-proxy-сървър:9999/security stable/updates main contrib non-free
deb http://apt-proxy-сървър:9999/main stable main non-free contrib

# apt-get update

apt-get
acl
ACLs
chmod 700
chmod 750
chmod
chown
apt-get install acl

/etc/fstab
acl
acl
acl
fstab
/dev/hda2     /home     ext3     rw,usrquota,nosuid,nodev,noatime,acl     0     0

getfacl
# getfacl shots/
# file: shots
# owner: nikola
# group: nikola
user::rwx
group::r-x
other::r-x

chmod 700 shots/
ls -l shots
drwx------    5 nikola   nikola        111 2004-06-13 09:57 shots/

setfacl
setfacl -m u:www-data:r-x shots/
getfacl shots/
# file: shots
# owner: nikola
# group: nikola
user::rwx
user:www-data:r-x
group::---
group::---
mask::r-x
other::---

u
g
r
x
chmod
setfacl
/usr/share/doc/dfsbuild/
live filesystems
debootstrap
/etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://ftp.linux.pt/pub/xbox/debian woody main

         ARCH: HP PA-RISC 2.0
        MODEL: 9000/800/A400-44 (Crescendo DC-440)
          CPU: PA8500 (PCX-W) 440 MHz (512 KB I-cache, 1024 KB D-cache)
          RAM: 1024 MB
         ETH0: Digital DS21143 Tulip rev 65
         SCSI: 2x sym53c875, 2x sym53c896
          SDA: SEAGATE ST336704LCV (36704 MB)
          SDB: SEAGATE ST336704LCV (36704 MB)
          SDC: SEAGATE ST318404LC  (18210 MB)
          SR0: HP DVD-ROM 6x/32x

Processor is booting from first available device.

To discontinue, press any key within 10 seconds.

Boot terminated.

---- Main Menu ---------------------------------------------------------------

     Command                           Description
     -------                           -----------
     BOot [PRI|ALT|<path>]             Boot from specified path
     PAth [PRI|ALT] [<path>]           Display or modify a path
     SEArch [DIsplay|IPL] [<path>]     Search for boot devices

     COnfiguration menu                Displays or sets boot values
     INformation menu                  Displays hardware information
     SERvice menu                      Displays service commands

     DIsplay                           Redisplay the current menu
     HElp [<menu>|<command>]           Display help for menu or command
     RESET                             Restart the system
----
Main Menu: Enter command or menu >

Main Menu: Enter command or menu > sea

Searching for potential boot device(s)
This may take several minutes.

To discontinue search, press any key (termination may not be immediate).

   Path#  Device Path (dec)  Device Path (mnem)  Device Type
   -----  -----------------  ------------------  -----------
   P0     0/0/1/0.1          extscsia.1          Random access media       
   P1     0/0/1/0.0          extscsia.0          Random access media       
   P2     0/0/1/1.15         intscsia.15         Random access media       
   P3     0/0/2/0.1          extscsib.1          Random access media       

Main Menu: Enter command or menu >

        0/0/1/0.0       /dev/sda
        0/0/1/0.1       /dev/sdb
        0/0/1/1.15      /dev/sdc
        0/0/2/0.1       /dev/sr0

Main Menu: Enter command or menu > bo p3
Interact with IPL (Y, N, or Cancel)?> n

Booting... 
Boot IO Dependent Code (IODC) revision 1

HARD Booted.
palo ipl 1.0 root@palinux Mon Apr  1 10:02:53 MST 2002

Boot image contains:
    0/vmlinux32 3687647 bytes @ 0x649000
    0/vmlinux64 4719374 bytes @ 0x9cd800
    0/ramdisk 2663046 bytes @ 0xe4e000  

Information: No console specified on kernel command line. This is normal.
PALO will choose the console currently used by firmware (serial).        
Command line for kernel: 'ramdisk_size=8192 root=/dev/ram \
console=ttyS0TERM=vt102 palo_kernel=0/vmlinux'
Selected kernel: /vmlinux from partition 0
Selected ramdisk: /ramdisk from partition 0
Warning: kernel name doesn't end with 32 or 64 -- Guessing... \
Choosing 64-bit kernelELF64 executable
Entry 00100000 first 00100000 n 4
Segment 0 load 00100000 size 2568152 mediaptr 0x1000
Segment 1 load 00374000 size 722104 mediaptr 0x274000
Segment 2 load 00428000 size 463872 mediaptr 0x325000
Segment 3 load 0049c000 size 49152 mediaptr 0x397000 
Loading ramdisk 2663046 bytes @ 3fd65000...         
Branching to kernel entry point 0x00100000.  If this is the last
message you see, you may need to switch your console.  This is  
a common symptom -- search the FAQ and mailing list at parisc-linux.org

PAth
    [PRI|ALT] [<path>]
f0
f0
root
/boot
/boot
                                  cfdisk 2.11n

                              Disk Drive: /dev/sda
                            Size: 36703932928 bytes
              Heads: 64   Sectors per Track: 32   Cylinders: 35003

    Name        Flags      Part Type  FS Type          [Label]        Size (MB)
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    sda1                    Primary   Linux/PA-RISC boot                  32.51         (recovery дял)
    sda2                    Primary   Linux                               32.51         (/boot)
    sda3                    Primary   Linux                             1024.46         (/)
    sda5                    Logical   Linux swap                        2047.87         (swap)  
    sda6                    Logical   Linux                             1024.46         (/tmp)
    sda7                    Logical   Linux                             2047.87         (/var)
    sda8                    Logical   Linux                             2047.87         (/usr)
    sda9                    Logical   Linux                            28445.77         (/home)

 ARCH: SGI Indy (SGI-IP22) 
  CPU: MIPS-R4600 V2.0 FPU V2.0 / 100.00 MHz (big endian)
  RAM: 61100032 bytes
 ETH0: SGI Seeq8003
SCSI0: SGI WD93 WD33c93B/13
  SDA: SGI Model: IBMDSAS-3540 (548 MB)
  SDB: HP Model: 1.050 GB #A1 (1050 MB)

#
# Networking options
#

CONFIG_PACKET=y
CONFIG_FILTER=y

# apt-get install dhcp tftpd

Start System
Install System Software
Run Diagnostics
Recover System
Enter Command Monitor
Select Keyboard Layout

printenv
eaddr=08:00:69:08:28:CA
/etc/dhcpd.conf
---
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {}

# Entry for Indy-1 (zirakzigil)

host zirakzigil {
        hardware ethernet 08:00:69:08:28:ca;
        fixed-address 192.168.1.5;
        option host-name "zirakzigil";
        option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
        option routers 192.168.1.1;
}
---

# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_no_pmtu_disc

<kernelsource>/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
lkml
# /etc/init.d/dhcpd start

/etc/inetd.conf
tftp dgram udp wait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/in.tftpd /tftpboot

/tftpboot
# /etc/init.d/inetd stop
# /etc/init.d/inetd start

# kill -HUP `ps auwx |grep inetd |grep -v grep |awk '{print $2}'`

/tftpboot
# setenv netaddr $IP

$IP
192.168.1.5
bootp()/tftpboot/tftpboot.img

/var/log/messages
/tftpboot
/usr/sbin/tcpd
dmesg
# fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk /dev/sda (SGI disk label): 3 heads, 108 sectors, 3314 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 324 * 512 bytes

----- partitions -----
----- Bootinfo -----
Bootfile: /unix
----- Directory Entries -----
[...other info here... :-)]
#

p
Pt# Device    Info   Start End     Sectors  Id  System
----------------------------------------------------------
 9: /dev/sda3        0     4       1620     0   SGI volhdr
11: /dev/sda4        0     3313    1073736  6   SGI volume

/dev/sda4
n
sda1
sda9
sda9
sda2
Pt# Device    Info   Start End     Sectors  Id  System
----------------------------------------------------------
 1: /dev/sda1 boot   101   2504    778896   83  Linux native
 2: /dev/sda2 swap   2505  3313    262116   82  Linux swap
 9: /dev/sda3        0     100     32724     0  SGI volhdr
11: /dev/sda4        0     3313    1073736   6  SGI volume

v
w
fdisk /dev/sdb
/var
/usr
/home
# fdisk -l /dev/hdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 33 heads, 61 sectors, 1019 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2013 * 512 bytes

Device    Boot  Start  End   Blocks id System
-------------------------------------------------
/dev/sdb1       1      261   262666 83 Linux        (за /home)
/dev/sdb2       262    522   262696 83 Linux        (за /var)
/dev/sdb3       523    1019  500230 83 Linux        (за /usr)

w
/dev/sdb
/target
sda1
http://http.us.debian.org:80
http://ftp.bg.debian.org
i386
source
make system bootable
setenv OSLoader linux
setenv SystemPartition scsi(0)disk(X)rdisk(0)partition(8)
setenv OSLoadPartition /dev/sda1

/dev/sda
Attached scsi disk sda at scsi0, channel 0, id 1, lun 0

setenv OSLoader linux
setenv SystemPartition scsi(0)disk(1)rdisk(0)partition(8)
setenv OSLoadPartition /dev/sda1

auto-apt
dh_*
dh_shlibdeps
dpkg-dev
debhelper
DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS
apt-build
apt-src
pbuilder
project/experimental
auto-apt
dh_*
/usr/local/
debian/rules
# apt-get install p1/stable p2/testing p3/unstable

apt-build
apt-src
pbuilder
auto-apt
Conflicts
jigdo
deb http://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
deb http://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main contrib non-free

deb-src http://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.bg.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main contrib non-free

Reading Package Lists... Error!
E: Dynamic MMap ran out of room

/etc/apt/sources.list
apt
apt
Cache-Limit
/etc/apt/apt.conf
APT::Cache-Limit 25165824

development libraries and header files
upstream sources
# apt-get install auto-apt
# auto-apt update updatedb update-local
# cd arbitrary-src-dir/
# auto-apt run ./configure --your-options-here
# auto-apt run make

apt-get remove xscreensaver
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
dpkg: error processing xscreensaver (--remove):
 subprocess post-removal script returned error exit status 127
Errors were encountered while processing:
 xscreensaver

# apt-get install -f

force
/var/lib/dpkg/info/
/var/lib/dpkg/info/пакет.скрипт
preinst
postinst
prerm
postrm
/var/lib/dpkg/info/xscreensaver.postrm
xscreensaver
scrollkeeper
discover
kudzu
cloop-src
cloop-utils
#debian
apt
utils/
AUTHORS
\pdfauthor
\author
debian-book.tex
ChangeLog
\textit
\chapter{\textit{stow}: Инсталиране на не-дебиански софтуер}

\begin{verbatim}
\begin{verbatim}
verbatim
\texttt
\textit
\textbf
verbatim
nikola@linux-bg.org
lacheck
debian-book.tex
latex
tex
pdflatex
# apt-get install tetex-extra

# apt-get install scalable-cyrfonts-tex

/etc/texmf/dvips/config.ps
p +cyrfonts.map
/etc/texmf/pdftex/pdftex.cfg
map +cyrfonts.map
/etc/texmf/dvips/config.ps
/usr/share/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
/etc/texmf/pdftex/pdftex.cfg
/usr/share/texmf/pdftex/config/pdftex.cfg
teTeX
teTeX
src/
\part{заглавие}
\chapter{заглавие}
\section{заглавие}
\subsection{заглавие}
\subsubsection{заглавие}
..............

Абзаците се пишат направо.  Между отделните абзаци трябва да има поне
един празен ред.

\textbf{тук има bold текст} \\
\textit{тук има italic текст}, може и комбинирано: \\
\textbf{\textit{хем bold, хем italic} тука ще е само bold текст} \\
..............

\begin{verrbatim}
  Изход на някаква команда или просто текст, който искаме да
  представим, точно както сме го написали. Нарочно използваме двойно
  "`r"' щото не можем да го escape-нем, иначе се ползва с едно ;-)
  Cheating \ thru \textbackslash doesn't help either :-( FIXME:
\end{verrbatim}

  Изход на някаква команда или просто текст, който искаме да
  представим, точно както сме го написали. Нарочно използваме двойно
  "`r"' щото не можем да го escape-нем, иначе се ползва с едно ;-)
  Cheating \ thru \textbackslash doesn't help either :-( FIXME:

\begin{itemize}
\item Debian
\item GNU
\item Linux
\end{itemize}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Едно
\item Две
\item Три
\end{enumerate}

\begin{tabular}{|l|r|c|}
\hline \textbf{Първи стълб} & \textbf{Втори стълб} &
\textbf{Трети стълб} \\
\hline ляво & дясно & централно \\
\hline още ляво & още дясно & още централно \\
\hline
% Последният \hline задължително трябва да бъде точно на
% следващия ред след последното \\.
\end{tabular}

\hlink{http://www.debian.org}{http://www.debian.org}
\hlink{Заглавна страница}{http://www.debian.org}
\deb{vsftpd}
vsftpd
\man{dpkg}{8}
\manx{apt-get}{8}
\man
\manx
#
\#
$
\$
%
\%
&
\&
~
\textasciitilde
_
\_
^
\textasciicircum
\
\textbackslash
{
\{
}
\}
\textbackslash
&nbsp;
\команда
% Няма интервал между знака и следващата част:
\textbackslash texttt
\textbackslash        texttt
\textbackslash%
  texttt

% Има интервал:
\textbackslash~texttt

debian-book
teams
times
scalable-cyrfonts-tex
Пробвайте 2--3 пъти --- ако не стане, значи няма да стане.

Опциите \verb#--help# и \verb#--version# трябва да се обработват от
всяка GNU програма.

./
src/
src/debian-book.tex
.tex
dists/
queue/
utils/
# apt-get install cvs

$ export CVSROOT=:pserver:anonymous@photo-forum.net:/home/cvsroot
$ cvs login
$ cvs -z9 checkout -P debian-book

debian-book@lists.zadnik.org
$ export CVSROOT=:ext:име@photo-forum.net:/home/cvsroot
$ export CVS_RSH=ssh
$ cvs -z9 checkout -P debian-book

$ cvs update -PdR

$ cvs commit -m 'описание на промените' file1 path/to/file2

cvs
CVSROOT
CVS_RSH
ssh
export CVSROOT=:ext:име@photo-forum.net:/home/cvsroot
export CVS_RSH=ssh

-P
$ cvs -z9 checkout -P debian-book

$ cvs -z9 update -PdR

src
debian-book.tex
ChangeLog
changelog.up
cvs2cl
txt2html
$ cd                            # move to the work area
$ cvs co project-x              # get sources from CVS to local
$ cd project-x
      ... make changes to the content ...
$ cvs diff -u                   # similar to diff -u repository/ local/
$ cvs ci -m "Describe change"   # save local sources to CVS
$ vi newfile_added
$ cvs add newfile_added
$ cvs ci -m "Added newfile_added"
$ cvs up                        # merge latest version from CVS
      ... watch out for lines starting with "C filename"
      ... unmodified code is moved to `.#filename.version'.
      ... Search "<<<<<<<" and ">>>>>>>" in filename.
$ cvs tag Release-1             # add release tag
      ... edit further ...
$ cvs tag -d Release-1          # remove release tag
$ cvs ci -m "more comments"
$ cvs tag Release-1             # re-add release tag
$ cd                            # move back to the work area
$ cvs co -r Release-initial -d old project-x
      ... get original version to old directory
$ cd old
$ cvs tag -b Release-initial-bugfixes # create branch (-b) tag
      ... Now you can work on the old version (Tag=sticky)
$ cvs update
      ... Source tree now has sticky tag "Release-initial-bugfixes"
      ... Work on this branch
$ cvs up # sync with files modified by others on this branch
$ cvs ci -m "check into this branch"
$ cvs update -kk -A
      ... Remove sticky tag and forget contents
      ... Update from main trunk without keyword expansion
$ cvs update -kk -j Release-initial-bugfixes
      ... Merge from Release-initial-bugfixes branch into the main
      ... trunk without keyword expansion.  Fix conflicts with editor.
$ cvs ci -m "merge Release-initial-bugfixes"
$ cd
$ tar -cvzf old-project-x.tar.gz old     # make archive, -j for bz2
$ cvs release -d old               # remove local source (optional)

add
commit
commit
$ cvs add newfile.c
cvs add: scheduling file 'newfile.c' for addition
cvs add: use 'cvs commit' to add this file permanently
$ cvs ci -m "added newfile.c" newfile.c
RCS file: /usr/local/cvs/myproj/newfile.c,v
done
Checking in newfile.c;
/usr/local/cvs/myproj/newfile.c,v  <-  newfile.c
initial revision: 1.1
done

$ mkdir c-subdir
$ cvs add c-subdir
Directory /usr/local/cvs/myproj/c-subdir added to the repository

$ ls c-subdir
CVS/
$ ls c-subdir/CVS
Entries     Repository  Root

$ rm newfile.c
$ cvs remove newfile.c
cvs remove: scheduling 'newfile.c' for removal
cvs remove: use 'cvs commit' to remove this file permanently
$ cvs ci -m "removed newfile.c" newfile.c
Removing newfile.c;
/usr/local/cvs/myproj/newfile.c,v  <-  newfile.c
new revision: delete; previous revision: 1.1
done

newfile.c
$ cd dir
$ rm file1 file2 file3
$ cvs remove file1 file2 file3
(output omitted)
$ cvs ci -m "removed all files" file1 file2 file3
(output omitted)

$ cd ..
$ cvs update -P
(output omitted)

$ cp oldname newname
$ rm oldname

$ mv oldname newname
$ cvs remove oldname
(output omitted)
$ cvs add newname
(output omitted)
$ cvs ci -m "renamed oldname to newname" oldname newname
(output omitted)
$

$ mkdir newdir
$ cvs add newdir
$ mv olddir/* newdir
mv: newdir/CVS: cannot overwrite directory
$ cd olddir
$ cvs rm foo.c bar.txt
$ cd ../newdir
$ cvs add foo.c bar.txt
$ cd ..
$ cvs commit -m "moved foo.c and bar.txt from olddir to newdir"
$ cvs update -P

$Revision: 1.4 $

$Revision: 1.4 $

$ cvs add -kb filename
$ cvs ci -m "added blah" filename
(etc)

$ cvs add -ko filename
$ cvs ci -m "added blah" filename
(etc)

ssh-keygen -t dsa
scp .ssh/id_dsa.pub photo-forum.net:.
photo-forum.net$ cat id_dsa.pub » .ssh/authorized_keys
ssh
ssh
CVS_RSH
ssh-add
ssh-agent
src/
$ make pdf

$ latex debian-book.tex
$ dvips debian-book.tex

pool_size
texmf.cnf
/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf
$ locate texmf.cnf
$ find / -name texmf.cnf

pool_size = 125000

latex2html
# apt-get install latex2html

$ cd debian-book/src
$ make html

$ make htmlsplit

debian-book.tex
$ cd src/
$ make clean dists-clean
$ make dists
$ make all

HTML
-split 0 -html_version 4.0 -unsegment -no_auto_link -no_navigation -dir temphtml debian-book.tex

N	Сайтове	Задачи	Час	Достъп
1	http://www.debianbookbg.org	cvsupdate,build,rsync,cvs	01:00 bg	бърз
2	http://debian-book.logos-bg.net	cvsupdate,build,rsync	04:00 bg	бърз
3	http://minus273.mnet.bg/debian-book/	cvsupdate,build	22:40 bg	бавен
4	ftp://ftp.uni-sofia.bg/debian-book/	cvsupdate,build	22:40 bg	бърз

Name	Flags	Part. Type	FS(File System)	Type	[Lablel]	Size(MB)
hda1	Boot	Primary	Win95	FAT32		6259.45
hda2		Primary	Win95	FAT32		14295.56

Choose the keyboard layout	Bulgarian phonetic или Bulgarian BDS
How to toggle between Cyrillic and Latin letters	Alt+Shift или нещо друго
What is your encoding?	CP1251 (или UTF-8)
Do you want to setup Cyrillic on the console at boot-time?	Yes

Въпрос	Опция	Отговори за българска среда
Please select your keyboard layout	XkbLayout	`bg`
Please select your keyboard variant	XkbVariant	`phonetic` `bds`
Please select your keyboard options	XkbOptions	`grp:shift_toggle` `grp:ctrl_shift_toggle` `grp:caps_toggle` `grp:ctrl_alt_toggle` `grp:alt_shift_toggle` `grp:menu_toggle`

Create	Create a connection
Change	Change a connection
Delete	Delete a connection
Quit	Exit this utility

Origin	Debian	Debian	Debian
Label	Debian	Debian	Debian
Suite	Stable	Testing	Unstable
Codename	Potato	Woody	Sid
Components	main, contrib, non-free	main, contrib, non-free	main, contrib, non-free
Arch	alpha, arm, i386, m68k, powerpc, sparc	alpha, arm, i386, m68k, powerpc, sparc, sparc64, ia64, hppa ...	alpha, arm, i386, m68k, powerpc, sparc, sparc64, ia64, mips, mips64 ... hurd-i386 ...
Date	Mon, 16 Apr 2001	Tue, 04 Sep 2001	Tue, 04 Sep 2001
Description	Debian 2.2r3 Released 16 Apr 2001 (обновява се само за security и point releases, т.е. revisions)	Not Released (release-ва се директно от Testing, евентуално след известен период на freeze, след решаване на всички Release Critical Bugs)	Not Released (не се release-ва директно от Unstable, тук се правят разни по-сериозни package transitions и подобни. Всичко минава първо от тук)
Version	2.2r3	-	-
md5sum	...	...	...

Файл	Ред
`/etc/texmf/dvips/config.ps`	`p +cyrfonts.map`
`/etc/texmf/pdftex/pdftex.cfg`	`map +cyrfonts.map`

`/etc/texmf/dvips/config.ps`	`/usr/share/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps`
`/etc/texmf/pdftex/pdftex.cfg`	`/usr/share/texmf/pdftex/config/pdftex.cfg`

Първи стълб	Втори стълб	Трети стълб
ляво	централно	дясно
още ляво	още централно	още дясно

L^ATEX	Изглед
`\hlink{http://www.debian.org}{http://www.debian.org}`	http://www.debian.org
`\hlink{Заглавна страница}{http://www.debian.org}`	Заглавна страница
`\deb{vsftpd}`	`vsftpd`
`\man{dpkg}{8}`	dpkg(8)
`\manx{apt-get}{8}`	apt-get(8)

Знак	Заместител
`#`	`\#`
`$`	`\$`
`%`	`\%`
`&`	`\&`
`~`	`\textasciitilde`
`_`	`\_`
`^`	`\textasciicircum`
`\`	`\textbackslash`
`{`	`\{`
`}`	`\}`